The regionalisation of International trade rules represents a significant evolution in the global trading system, characterized by the increasing prevalence of regional trading agreements (RTAs) alongside multilateral frameworks like the General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT). These arrangements aim to enhance trade relations and reduce barriers within specific regions, reflecting localized approaches to trade liberalization. Different regional trade agreements may have conflicting rules and standards, leading to a fragmented global trading system. This can create barriers for countries outside these agreements, making it harder for them to access markets. This paper aims to explore the regionalisation of International trade rules, examining the development and impact of various regional trading arrangements (RTAs) within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT). A doctrinal method is used in articles which discuss the regionalization of International trade rules and the impact of various regional trading arrangements (RTAs) within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT). The research found that the increase in regionalization of International trade rules has transformed the global trade landscape. Despite their benefit, the interconnectedness of numerous trade agreements can lead to complexity and inefficiencies that can weaken the multilateral trading system. .

A ‘smart city’ is a buzz term and concept. The ‘smart city’ has mainly been discussed in the scholarly literature on urban planning, architecture, and geography. While the ‘smart city’ has been under-analyzed in International trade law, the term ‘smart city’ is commonly used in Asian trade policies. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) established the ‘ASEAN Smart Cities Network’ and the ‘smart city’ is now an important market opportunity for exporting smart technologies and services to ASEAN. Against this backdrop, this article addresses how smart cities can be regulated and governed by International trade law. The trade law perspective facilitates a broader understanding of smart city governance, which includes under-explored ‘global’ regulatory dimensions concerning the interaction between local governments and foreign firms. This article selects three relevant trade areas for discussions: (1) Internet of Things in the context of trade in goods and services; (2) International standard-setting activities; and (3) data governance. It further considers what kinds of regulatory issues International smart city projects can add to the current digital trade discourse. Drawing on the smart city literature, the article points out additional problems concerning security and privacy that have not yet been acknowledged in digital trade.

As a developing Southeast Asian state, Malaysia actively engages in Regional trade Agreements (RTAs), such as ASEAN Free trade Area (AFTA), Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and ASEAN-China Free trade Area (ACFTA), to pursue economic and geopolitical goals. However, these agreements present challenges due to legal complexities, geopolitical dynamics, and economic consequences. This research explores Malaysia's strategic involvement in RTAs, focusing on their development, legal frameworks, geopolitical implications, and economic impacts. This study utilizes a doctrinal legal research methodology to analyze primary and secondary sources, including legal documents, treaties, and scholarly publications, with the goal of uncovering significant themes, recurring patterns, and deeper insights. The findings indicate that although Malaysia participates in regional trade agreements (RTAs) to bolster economic resilience and foster regional integration, their effective management is challenged by constantly evolving geopolitical dynamics and uncertainties. This study contributes to ongoing discussions on regionalism and multilateralism within the global trade system.

The paper attempts to evaluate and measure the effect of Globalization on Iranian basic metal Industries in terms of technical efficiency, volume of export, and value added amount. To this end, two indexes i.e. Level of International trade (LIT) and Integration of International trade (IIT) are used.The findings indicate that Globalization will have positive effects on technical efficiency, volume of exports and value added of the basic metal industries.In other words, while promoting technical efficiency, globalization will increase exports and value added of the basic metal Industries, which are among the upstream Industries.